The Global Financial Crisis And Protectionism - 1454 Words

Title: The Global Financial Crisis and Protectionism Question: During 2008~2009 many developed nations gave subsidies to their automobile producers. How might this have distorted international trade? Was this a reasonable thing to do given the circumstances? Introduction There was an empirical research study on the effect of protectionism on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States (US). According to National Bureau Of Economic Research, â€Å"a generalized 10 percent hike against emerging Asia improves the US current account balance as a share of GDP by a mere 0.1 percentage point. The effect disappears after about two years, and in the absence of further adjustment in net saving, it may even revert sign.† So it implies that the protectionism has many negative aspects on one’s economy contrary to the nation’s belief. I could find reasons why protectionism affects international trade in negative ways from several research papers. In this paper, I tried to verify those reasons by using certain economical models. 1. Protection measures benefit domestic producers and affiliated other parties, but society pays the price. Assumption 1) Domestic and foreign automobile products are a perfect substitution. 2) Government offers the domestic producers subsidies by â€Å"s† per every produce. In order to protect less competitive domestic automobile producers, the government offers subsidies to them. It makes the domestic automobile producers feel that cost is reduced andShow MoreRelatedThe Global Financial Crisis and Protectionism675 Words   |  3 Pages------------------------------------------------- The Global Financial Crisis and Protectionism QUESTION 1: Why do you think calls for protectionism are greater during sharp economic contractions than during boom periods? * Protection of their own economic industries and to curb job losses * Interdependent economy to lessen the impact of economic loss on food, fuel and property prices * To protect job losses at national producers and possible bankruptcy * Developing countries wereRead MoreEssay The Global Financial Crisis and Protectionism617 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1 Why do you think calls for protectionism are greater during sharp economic contractions than boom periods? Answer: Calls from business for protection could be based on the fact that in times of sharp economic contractions there is generally a reduced demand for goods and services within the local market. This results in foreign companies and their goods and services competing with domestic companies and their goods and services in a local market characterized by a reduction in demandRead MoreThe Effect of Recent Financial Crisis and Regulatory Implications in Asia1532 Words   |  7 Pageseducation. Now on the larger scale is the impact on the institutional level of the global financial crisis. The financial crisis began in United States in 2007 and spread to other countries. The crisis was triggered by a liquidity shortfall in United States banking system and resulted to the collapse of financial institutions. Asia is one major continent in which the recent financial crisis had spread. The impact of the crisis had far reaching effects on the economy of Asia than many people had anticipatedRead MoreThe 2012 Global Financial Crisis2365 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was the worst crisis in history, and has wide range and deep effects on the world financial system and relations (Peihani 2012). The vulnerability of the world financial system was exposed from the 2008 GFC (Mohamed 2011). Hence, countries are trying to find a solution for the heavily market-relied global financial system, and protectionism has drawn the attention from a great portion of countries and researchers (Viju and Kerr 2011). Mohanmed (2011)Read MoreMemo to Chiquita Brands International Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesnature threatening the existence of a big player in the banana market, I have tried to go back to history of the company of highly political nature of the international policy making in this trade. I have tried to understand the role of protectionism in the global banana market as it has created a lot of problems for players like Chiquita Brands International. After a careful evaluation of the whole issue threatening the e xistence of our company, I have tried to find the way out. Politics and ChiquitaRead MoreThe Financial Balancing Act1315 Words   |  5 PagesThe Financial Balancing Act Name Institutional Affiliation: The Financial Balancing Act Do you agree with this view? I do not agree with the view provided in the article. Governments and policy makers must enhance the emerging economic growth prospects in order to adjust financial markets and globalization. The current era of globalization has been characterized with financial imbalances and governments must learn to navigate a financial landscape that is fragile. Without the governmentRead MoreSummarization of Article; ‘Finding Your Strategy in the New Landscape’ by Pankaj Ghemawat930 Words   |  4 Pageschanging of business environment in developed countries. The authors predicts that in the next decades the business environment will be characterized by a slow global growth, high unemployment, volatility in the financial markets, costlier capital, a greatly expanded role of government, an increase of taxation or even increased of protectionism. The author however has revealed a huge potential in the emerging market in India and China. Therefore, this article has tried to explain on how the changingRead MoreGlobalization: The Route to Global Destruction Essay675 Words   |  3 Pages Globalization is a confusing concept. For some it conjures up images of electronic communications: an email, global media, and popularization of mobile phones. For others it is about trade: the ability to buy coca-cola in rural villages in Africa. For yet others it is about misappropriation and greed: the suicide of Indian peasant farmers ruined by agri-business and genetically modified seeds. From now on, I will present the negative effects of globalization. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;?gGlobalizationRead MoreWhat Is The Rising Tide Of Nationalism In Trade1237 Words   |  5 PagesThis implementation of nationalist trade protectionism has in solitude served to corrode the openness, trade, and global growth which vitally fuel the national interests which these ideologies seek to defend. While protectionist trading measures have offered an efficient means of opening autonomous and advantageous trade for nations, these measures in isolation regularly fall short of promoting genuine free trade at a global level; instead eroding the global trading system in a web of inconsistentRead MoreElements of The Global Economy Essay2119 Words   |  9 Pagesmore valuable, and therefore restrain people from demanding gold. Instead of increasing interest rates, the Federal Reserve should have lowered rates in order to stimulate the economy. During the mid 1800’s, numerous countries began to adopt the Global Standard in order to establish transactions in a booming world trade market. The Gold Standard was helpful in guaranteeing that any amount of paper money would be able to be redeemed by the currency’s government for the value in gold. This standard

Ike Ethics And Society - 1324 Words

IKEA GB590: Ethics in Business and Society Unit 2 Assignment Nicola Jones Baker Prof: Jackie Deem January 16, 2016 Introduction In 1995 one of IKEA suppliers in India was named for using children for labor in a rug factory. This was alarming to the IKEA Corporation. This news could have been damaging to the entire company if the right preventive measures were not taken. IKEA had to decide on their viewpoint on child labor and then had to make sure that what they did then and in the future was adequate to society standards. They will be watching to make sure that IKEA is true to its word. Stakeholders Stakeholders are people who directly or indirectly affect a company’s ability to operate. In this case, employees, suppliers, customers, NGOs are stakeholders in the success of IKEA‘s operations. Without the stakeholders IKEA will not be able to function. Their part in the process is critical to the foundation and logic of the operation of IKEA’s global needs. The operation of a business take all the stakeholders working together to make it a success. Their actions could have a huge influence on the different segments of the IKEA. Everything that the stakeholders do will affect the operation. IKEA’s stakeholders’ actions in the public view could affect the way people value IKEA to society. The reports on television could cause the company many issues. If child labor was used by one of IKEA suppliers then society with believe that IKEA as aShow MoreRelatedHonda Company Business Plan1689 Words   |  7 PagesHONDA THE POWER OF DREAMS Sameen Kukar Bus115.05 11/29/2011 professor- Steven Saltzman Table of Contents Customers and Competitors Human Resources Globalization Code of Ethics Sustainability Information and Technology Operations Planning Leadership and Motivation Organization Finance Executive Summary. Sochrio Honda was the founder of the Honda Company. He spent Six years as an apprenticeRead More The Ethics in Securing the Internet Essay4456 Words   |  18 PagesThe Ethics in Securing the Internet Introduction In order to understand the concept of internet security and why it is necessary it would be worthy of analysis to discuss what would happen if not enough of it is provided, meaning that the levels of security are not utilized to the full extents. This is exactly where the big issue of hacking and hackers becomes involved. Hackers can benefit from a wide range of weaknesses in security, break into systems, find the information they need,Read MoreWater Happens To Be The Most Fundamental Element On Earth.1848 Words   |  8 Pagesrapidly coming to an end†¦we’re in for a rude shock.† (110) To back this fact, Fishman listed out the fateful stories of several cities and areas that failed to acknowledge this danger that we all face– the water crisis. Like, how the Hurricane Ike destroyed the supply of clean water sources in houses in Galveston, Texas and it was only after that, people there along with Fishman himself realized the true value of water. That it wasn’t all abundant. â€Å"You couldn’t trust the water you were showeringRead MoreExam Malpractice3683 Words   |  15 Pagesfor onward transfer via sms to other students anywhere in the country. Student’s personal digital assistants or cell phones can beam or cell data silently from across a classroom or with a cell phone from anywhere off the school environment. The society does not have control over its communication system. 2.4 Other forms Other forms of exam malpractice also known as Non-sophisticated forms include: sorting: This is a system whereby students negotiate with willing lecturers for undeserved scoresRead MoreBiography Of John Watson s Little Albert 2065 Words   |  9 Pagesnamed Watson after a Baptist minister with the ambition that her son would one day aspire to pursue a ministerial vocation (â€Å"John Watson (1878-1958)†, 2013). His mother’s strict views on faith led her to openly reject controversial vices of free society, such as drinking or smoking. Unlike his mother who held strict religious beliefs, his father’s contradictory lifestyle of drinking and extramarital affairs led him to leave their family in 1891 (Watson, 1999). 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Sedgwick states that â€Å"in any male-dominated society, there is a special relationship between male homosocial (including homosexual)Read More William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay5388 Words   |  22 Pagescase of Christmas, Hightower tries to save the man’s life by fabricating an alibi for Christmas. â€Å"Men!† he screams at the mob, â€Å"Listen to me. He was here that night. He was with me the night of the murder† (439). While Hightower’s situational ethics ultimately fail to save Joe Christmas from the hands of the racist mob, his intervention on Christmas’ behalf marks a major point on Hightower’s progression toward self-awareness, social engagement, and personal responsibility. What is interestingRead MoreThe Nature of Nature15064 Words   |  61 Pageslibera. :ions. True Freedom by Nature does not mean doing what you want to do -.henever you wish to do it; real freedom means having the opportunity and t 5~pport to do what is right to the best of your knowledge and ability as ; . ~:ctated by your society and the receipt of equal justice for all under I : :he law. Freedom of speach by Nature does not mean that one person should I:e allowed to slander and vilify another person because he or she wants to ! :r for a dramatic news story. True Freedom by

Oil Use in Latvia Free Essays

Executive sum-up Oil as a natural resource is widely used across the universe in fabricating other of import merchandises. United oil in Latvia is one of the taking companies in the industry of oils and other petroleum merchandises, which is located in Baltic part. The company was set up in 1994, and for about 20 old ages, this company is celebrated and good known when it comes to the production of oils, petrochemicals, lubricators and dozenss of oils. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Use in Latvia or any similar topic only for you Order Now The usage of oil has increased in Latvia, and this is the ground for high production. However, it is of import that the company realizes the jobs created by the industry of oil and the impacts that oil has to the environment. Example, development of oil has both economic and societal jobs to the society. In add-on, it is besides of import to understand the positive consequence that oil has on the society in footings of trade and economic development. The most of import portion is the company to understand the positive and the negative consequence that industry of oil goes through before the concluding merchandise. Oil production is connected with emanation of pollutants and other volatile organic compounds like methylbenzene, xylols and benzine into the ambiance. The most unsafe portion is that exposure to these compounds has important consequence to the wellness of people such as ; annoyance of the eyes, respiratory system and tegument. Overview of the subject It is of import that Latvia understands oil is a natural resources, which is at hazard of development. The usage of oil production of oil in Latvia has been on addition due to its major applications in the part. However, the usage of oil has been influenced by engineering such as transit, domestic usage, and other contraptions in the state. As a consequence of increasing utilizations of oil and the increasing demand, oil has become one of the trading resources in Latvia. This is because there is an available market for this merchandise. The usage of oil in Latvia has been increasing for the past 10 old ages. However, the usage of oil was high in 2012 and 2013. The following tabular array shows how oil was used in different sectors Latvia. 2012 2013 2013 as % of2012 Transformation sector* 49 540 43 294 92.3 Industry 34 899 33 542 98.0 Conveyance 50 937 51 011 97.2 Agribusiness, forestry 6 096 5 771 97.3 However, the ingestion of oil sometimes remained stable, until the industries like agribusiness, fishing, conveyance were expanded. Initially, the size of these industries merely used a little sum of oil. The domestic usage of oil has been worsening over the old ages, while the usage of oil in other sectors has been bettering. In 2011, the production of oil reduced significantly in the company. As a consequence, about the whole sum of oil used that twelvemonth was imported due to deficits. Oil has besides shaped Latvia concern in many ways that resulted to the enlargement of the market. In 2013, Latvia joined Eurozone, which will assist in economic growing. The production of oil in Latvia has besides resulted to enlargement of concern in Latvia. The fact that Latvia trades with other states, this has expanded concern dealingss with other states like Russia. It is of import to observe that Latvia depends about 100 % on imported oil, which is imported from Russia. Russia has been the chief manufacturer of oil for many old ages, and imports a big per centum of oil across the universe. In Russia, oil is found in most parts like Western Siberian. However, the worst portion is that these parts have been exploited from 1970s. As a consequence, the production of oil has reduced to 1/3 of the original oil produced. The development of resources has influenced the economic system both socially and economically. This includes deficiency of occupations and decrease of the GDP that affects the growing of the economic system. On the other side, the development of oil agencies that the production reduces significantly. Therefore, the monetary values of oil became significantly high in Latvia, which increased the cost of production in companies and the cost of merchandises. Additionally, high monetary values are besides a major cause of high criterions of life. Further, the development of resources has besides caused environmental effects like pollution. Key Wordss There are several words that will be used to depict the findings in this undertaking. These words include ; Pollution- This is a term that will be used to depict the effects of oil to the environment GDP- this will depict the consequence that oil has on Gross Domestic Product Cost of living- This will specify the effects that oil has on life conditions in Latvia Production cost- This term will depict how oil has influenced the cost of bring forthing other merchandises. Exploitation-This will specify the badness of oil usage, which will specify how the beginning of oil has been utilized. Findingss The industry of oil has existed in Latvia for many old ages. The job is many states produce oil without recognizing the consequence that oil has to the environment. In add-on, other companies are non cognizant about the importance of prolonging natural resources to avoid development. In most instances, there has been development of resources where resources are over utilised in many states. The ground for development is that these states concentrate on doing money without believing that they should prolong the environment. Oil is one of the natural resources, which is widely used across the universe compared to other resources. For case, Oil United Company in Latvia is the taking company in the production of oil merchandises. However, the chief job is although this company uses oil, it must be cognizant about the importance of prolonging oil as a natural resource. In add-on, the company must besides be cognizant about the environmental effects caused oil industry. This undertaking was to find the usage and production of oil in Latvia. This undertaking was besides aimed at finding the effects of oil to the environment. However, the most of import portion was to find whether the oil is exploited or sustained. Therefore, this undertaking was to educate the companies fabricating oil the importance of prolonging natural resources. This is to fix them for the demand to implement other options because natural resources are running out of clip. The overexploitation of oil agencies that shortly, these companies will miss natural stuffs and this will hold an impact on the production of the company and general activities. From this undertaking, there are several findings that will be of import to United Oils company in Latvia. From this undertaking, the undermentioned consequences were recorded ; Oil is a natural resource that can be exploited easy The usage of oil in Latvia is high both in industries and for domestic used Oil production contributes to environmental pollution through the emanation of harmful substances into the environment Latvia relies largely on oil from Russia and the development of natural resources in Russia, oil ingestion in Latvia has reduced. The transit of rough oil from Russia to Latvia besides contributes to environmental pollution. It is of import to do certain there is sustainability of natural resources like oil to cut down instances of development. This is due to increasing used of oil in Latvia that has increased the oil imported. It was besides concluded that companies bring forthing oil merchandises pay small attending on the effects of oil, but they merely concentrate on the net income that the company incurs. Thus, United Oils in Latvia pays no attending on the consequence their merchandise has to the environment or development of the resources. It was besides recorded the engineering has played a function in increasing the usage of oil across Latvia. However, the major industries like touristry, fishing, agribusiness, conveyance, and forestry have besides contributed mostly to the usage of oil in Latvia. Reflection/Analysis Exploitation of oil is a serious job that calls for pressing action. This is because shortly plenty, oil and its merchandises is traveling to be scarce. This will impact assorted sectors in the economic system like touristry, agribusiness, forestry, and touristry. Therefore, there are high opportunities that the economic system will significantly be effected in footings of growing. Thus, Latvia as a company must take necessary safeguard to command the usage of oil merchandises. The ingestion of oil in Latvia has been on an addition for over 10 old ages. This means that the rate of pollution caused by these merchandises is besides high in Latvia. This calls for an action to guarantee that the effects caused by air are minimized. United Oils Latvia should present new technological ways to do certain that instances of pollution are reduced. Given the fact that oil has been exploited, this means in the following few old ages this merchandise will non be extracted. Therefore, Latvia must implement other products/ways that could be possible in fabricating oil merchandises. There should be other merchandises that should be encouraged to replace oil, this will assist in cut downing ingestion of oil. Latvia can besides implement particular policies to extenuate the sector of energy. These policies will command the rates of pollution and besides ingestion of oil in the state. Mentions Anon. , 2009.Consumption of energy resources in Latvia.[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/consumption-energy-resources-latvia-2011-33346.html [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] . Anon. , 2013.Latvia.[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm? fips=lg [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] . Anon. , 2014.Latvia Oil Consumption.[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx? country=lv A ; product=oil A ; graph=consumption [ Accessed 31 March 2014 ] . How to cite Oil Use in Latvia, Essay examples

Going Concern Concept free essay sample

According to this concept, it is assumed that the business will continue for a fairly long time to come. There is neither the intention nor the necessity for the purpose of liquidating the particular business venture in the foreseeable future. This is because if the results of the business operation were to be accounted for on the basis of the expected liquidation it would be almost impossible for suppliers to supply goods and services and other business firms to enter into any economic transactions with the business entity. On account of this concept, the management accountant while valuing the assets does not take into account the forced sale value of the assets. Moreover, he charges depreciation on fixed assets on the basis of their expected life rather than their market values. In exceptional situations, where the accountant has fairly good means to believe that either the whole or part of the business is going to be liquidated, it will be appropriate for the firm to report the resources/assets at their liquidation value. We will write a custom essay sample on Going Concern Concept or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Circumstances under which an enterprise may not be going concern: It will be useful at this juncture to study the circumstances which give indications about the fact that the enterprise is not a going concern or it may cease to be a going concern very soon. In many situations, several circumstances may be present at the same time. The circumstances involving liquidity problems: An enterprise is said to be suffering from liquidity problems in a case where it is unable to generate sufficient cash from operations in order to satisfy its current obligations including long term debt maturities and possibly dividends. Such a company may not have problems as a going concern in the short period since it may acquire the required funds by raisingthe debts, advances from the holding company, further issue of shares etc. However, such a situation is found not to continue indefinitely. Following are the circumstances under which a going concern can be taken as suffering from the problems of liquidity. Relationship with suppliers: In case a going concern is not in a position to take advantage of the cash discounts, the firm has to pay interests for late payments and its shipments are stopped because of failure to meet terms of payment or suppliers are prepared to supply the goods only on prepayment terms. In such a case it can be concluded that the concern is having some liquidity problems. Turnover ratio: In case the turnover ratios in respect of receivables and inventories are more found to unfavourable than those prevailing in the industry, the enterprise is found to be suffering from problems of liquidity. Using of short term funds for meeting long term requirements: In case the concern is required to use current assets for the purpose of financing long term requirements (e. g. plant expansion or product development) without the capacity of ability to refinance such requirements on a long term basis, the concern is bound to suffer from liquidity problems. Pledging of additional assets for the purpose of securing existing debt: This shows that the existing creditors are losing faith in the company on account of its vulnerable financial position. Default on loan agreements: This shows that the firm is having difficulty in repayment of the loans.

Black Holes Essays (3493 words) - Black Holes, Star Types

Black Holes Black holes are objects so dense that not even light can escape their gravity, and since nothing can travel faster than light, nothing can escape from inside a black hole . Loosely speaking, a black hole is a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull. Since our best theory of gravity at the moment is Einstein's general theory of relativity, we have to delve into some results of this theory to understand black holes in detail, by thinking about gravity under fairly simple circumstances. Suppose that you are standing on the surface of a planet. You throw a rock straight up into the air. Assuming you don't throw it too hard, it will rise for a while, but eventually the acceleration due to the planet's gravity will make it start to fall down again. If you threw the rock hard enough, though, you could make it escape the planet's gravity entirely. It would keep on rising forever. The speed with which you need to throw the rock in order that it just barely escapes the planet's gravity is called the "escape velocity." As you would expect, the escape velocity depends on the mass of the planet: if the planet is extremely massive, then its gravity is very strong, and the escape velocity is high. A lighter planet would have a smaller escape velocity. The escape velocity also depends on how far you are from the planet's center: the closer you are, the higher the escape velocity. The Earth's escape velocity is 11.2 kilometers per second (about 25,000 M.P.H.), while the Moon's is only 2.4 kilometers per second (about 5300 M.P.H.).We cannot see it, but radiation is emitted by any matter that gets swallowed by black hole in the form of X-rays. Matter usually orbits a black hole before being swallowed. The matter spins very fast and with other matter forms an accretion disk of rapidly spinning matter. This accretion disk heats up through friction to such high temperatures that it emits X-rays. And also there is some X-ray sources which have all the properties described above. Unfortunately it is impossible to distinguish between a black hole and a neutron star unless we can prove that the mass of the unseen component is too great for a neutron star. Strong evidence was found by Royal Greenwich Observatory astronomers that one of these sources called Cyg X-1 (which means the first X-ray source discovered in the constellation of Cygnus) does indeed contain a black hole. It is possible there for a star to be swallowed by the black hole. The pull of gravity on such a star will be so strong as to break it up into its component atoms, and throw them out at high speed in all directions. Astronomers have found a half-dozen or so binary star systems (two stars orbiting each other) where one of the stars is invisible, yet must be there since it pulls with enough gravitational force on the other visible star to make that star orbit around their common center of gravity and the mass of the invisible star is considerably greater than 3 to 5 solar masses. Therefore these invisible stars are thought to be good candidate black holes. There is also evidence that super-massive black holes (about 1 billion solar masses) exist at the centers of many galaxies and quasars. In this latter case other explanations of the output of energy by quasars are not as good as the explanation using a super-massive black hole. A black hole is formed when a star of more than 5 solar masses runs out of energy fuel, and the outer layers of gas is thrown out in a supernova explosion. The core of the star collapses to a super dense neutron star or a Black Hole where even the atomic nuclei are squeezed together. The energy density goes to infinity. For a Black Hole, the radius becomes smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, which defines the horizon of the Black Hole: The death explosion of a massive star, resulting in a sharp increase in brightness followed by a gradual fading. At peak light output, supernova explosions can outshine a galaxy. The outer layers of the exploding star are blasted out in a radioactive cloud. This expanding cloud, visible long after the initial explosion fades from view, forms a supernova remnant. So, a black hole is an object, which is so compact that the

Human Computer Interaction Essays

Human Computer Interaction Essays Human Computer Interaction Essay Human Computer Interaction Essay The study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. What is HCI? â€Å"Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them† (ACM SIGCHI definition of HCI). Creating usable systems (1) HCI investigates interaction between Human (1 user, a group, sequence of users) Computer (any computer big or small, process control, embedded, etc) used to perform various tasks in particular environments. Creating usable systems (2) The human factors †¦ different users different conceptions or mental models about their interactions different ways of learning, keeping knowledge and skills cultural and national differences user preferences change as they gradually master new interfaces Creating usable systems (3) The com puter factor †¦ different devices Smart phones, Touch Screen Kiosks, †¦ different capabilities and limitations Computing power, Input/output devices, †¦ different operating systems user interface technology is changing rapidly it offers new interaction possibilities to which previous research findings may not apply Visual, Tactile, Gesture based, †¦Also read about  Knowledge of PC boot processCreating usable systems (4) What about the interaction? Communication between user and computer Direct interaction Dialogue with feedback Control throughout performance of the task Indirect interaction Batch processing Intelligent sensors controlling the environment Creating usable systems (5) It aims to achieve 1. Usability (Useful, Usable, Used) 2. Safe 3. Effective 4. Efficient 5. Enjoyable system Creating usable systems (6) User compatibility Product compatibility `Task compatibility Work flow compatibility Consistency Familiarity Simplicity Control Creating usa ble systems (7)HCI focuses on user needs by assessing interface design amp; implementation according to usability criteria. ? Makes use of new, novel techniques amp; technologies. It applies usability design principles to achieve more productive amp; usable systems and more satisfied users. Creating usable systems (8) EC Directive 90/270/EEC Requires employers to ensure the following when designing, selecting, commissioning or modifying software: suitable for the task easy to use where appropriate, adaptable to user’s knowledge amp; experiences Creating usable systems (9) provides feedback on performance displays information in a format amp; at a pace that is adapted to the user It must conform to the principles of software ergonomics (Ergonomics is the science that deals with the interaction between people/work/environment/psychology.It considers the functions of the human body in the design of tools, equipment, etc. ) Designers amp; employers can no longer afford to ign ore the user!! Question †¦ Have you ever used a system that exhibit good HCI with the users? Give a few examples †¦ What systems have you used that exhibit bad HCI with the users? Name a few †¦ and why do you think they were bad? Historical basis of HCI (1) Second World War †¦ Study of interaction between humans amp; machines in order to produce more effective weapons (Bletchley Park, Enigma, Colossus) Ergonomic Research Society formed (1949) Research in Man-Machine Interaction began to spread Historical basis of HCI (2) Historical basis of HCI (3) Historical basis of HCI (4) Basic Interaction (1) Graphical Objects 1963 (MIT) Graphical Objects manipulated by a pointing device (light pen) Objects could be selected, moved, resized, etc. 1966 (Imperial College, London) Icons, Gesture Recognition, Dynamic Menus, etc. 1970 (XEROX PARC) Object selection and manipulation WYSIWYG Basic Interaction (2) Mouse 1965 (Stanford Research Lab [SRI]) Created to be a cheap re placement for light pens 1970 Adopted at Xerox PARC First appeared commercially as part of The Xerox Star (1981), The Apple Lisa (1982), The Apple Macintosh (1984). Basic Interaction (3) Windows 1968 (Stanford Research Lab [SRI]) 1969 1974 (Xerox PARC) Smalltalk System 1974 (MIT) EMACS Text Editor 1981 (Xerox PARC) The Cedar Window Manager 1981 Xerox Star 1982 Apple Lisa 1983 (Carnegie Mellon University funded by IBM)) Andrew window manager 1984 Apple Macintosh The early versions of the Star and Microsoft Windows were tiled, but eventually they supported overlapping windows like the Lisa and Macintosh. Applications (1)Drawing programs uses a mouse for graphics (1965) uses a tablet (1971) handling of lines and curves (1975) Text Editing first word processor with automatic word wrap, search amp; replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, amp; commands to move, copy, and delete characters, words, or blocks of text (1962) screen editing amp; formatting of arbitrary-sized strin gs with a lightpen (1967) mouse-based editing (1968) first WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974) Applications (2) Spreadsheets initial spreadsheet was VisiCalc (1977-8) for the Apple II HyperText the idea where documents are linked to related documents (1945) Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext (1965) NLS system was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles (1970) HyperCard from Apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the idea to a wide audienceTim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990 at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) Mosaic, the first popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide Web Eg: Cosmic Book Applications (3) Computer Aided Design (CAD) first CAD systems similar to drawing programs (1963) pioneering work on interactive 3D CAD system (1963) first CAD/CAM (manufacture) system in industry was probably General Motors DAC-1 (about 1963) Video Games first graphical video game was probably SpaceWar (1962) the first computer joysticks (1962) early computer adventure game was created (1966) first popular commercial game was Pong (about 1976). Up ;amp; Coming Areas (1) Gesture Recognition first pen-based input device used light-pen gestures (1963) first trainable gesture recognizer (1964) a gesture-based text editor using proof-reading symbols (1969) gesture recognition has been used in commercial CAD systems since the 1970s came to universal notice with the Apple Newton (1992)Multi-Media multiple windows with integrated text and graphics (1968) Interactive Graphical Documents project was the first hypermedia system which used raster graphics and text (1979-1983) Diamond project explored combining multimedia (text, spreadsheets, graphics, speech) (1982) Up ;amp; Coming Areas (2) 3-D first system 3-D CAD system (1963) first interactive 3-D system used for molecular modelling (1966) the late 60s and early 70s saw the flowering of 3D raster graphics funded by the government the military-industrial flight simulation work of the 60s 70s led the way to making 3-D real-time Virtual Reality original work on VR funded by Air Force (1965-1968) study of force feedback, early research on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove (1971) Up ;amp; Coming Areas (3) Computer Supported Cooperative Work remote participation of multiple people at various sites (1968)Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software, was enabled by the ARPAnet (1969) and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC (1973) an early computer conferencing system (1975) Natural language and speech Speech synthesis Speech recognition HCI as a business necessity Can the users be ignored? (Linux, Windows,†¦) NO HCI + Usability engineering are a crucial business necessity Good Interface ;amp; Interaction Design should not Be added after system is built Supporting users is an integral part of the design. To do this one must consider †¦ International Standards in HCI and Er gonomics User population is growing (size, diversity, etc. ) Expanding awareness amongst users of what can be achieved Case Study (1) A mechanical syringe was once being developed. An input device had to be created in order to enter the injected dose. Design such a device †¦ Case Study (2) A prototype was developed by the manufacturing company and demonstrated to the hospital staff.Happily they quickly noticed the potentially fatal flaw in its interface. Case Study (3) The doses were entered by a numeric keypad: an accidental keypress and the dose could be out by a factor of 10! The production version had individual increment/decrement buttons for each digit . Safety-critical systems (1) Poor designs Very common in Safety Life-critical Which all depend on computer-control We need to understand why Disasters Accidents Frustrations happen? Can you mention some examples? Safety-critical systems (2) Computer failure hits post office Lancashire,  UK   Sep 5, 2006 A VILLAGE post office has been struck by a technical glitch, leaving customers unable to pay bills and collect benefits. Edgworth 999 Ambulance Computer Failure Putting Lives at Risk International News Service,  Australia   Aug 23, 2006 LIVES are being put at risk because of a crisis with London Ambulance Services computer-controlled 999 system. US Department of Energy sponsors storage research CTR,  CA   20 hours ago The data storage institute will focus its efforts in three areas: collecting field data about computer failure rates and application behaviors, disseminating Temporary failure hits Houston 911 center abc13. com,  TX   Sep 8, 2006 system. This past July, the Houston Emergency Center experienced a computer failure which knocked out the automated dispatch system. Warning on need for super reserves The Australian,  Australia   Sep 10, 2006 must maintain 4 per cent of assets in liquid form to meet any immediate needs, rising from banking and operational risks, such as computer failure or staff Book on IT debacles urges caution Stuff. co. nz,  New Zealand   Aug 27, 2006 That is the central theme of Dangerous Enthusiasms – E-Government, Computer Failure and Information System Development, a 160-page book just published by Search is on for escaped McMinn inmates Chattanooga Times Free Press,   USA   Sep 8, 2006 A computer failure that left 225 inmates under supervision of just four corrections officers may have contributed to the 4:59 pm | Computers delay Charlotte flights Charlotte Observer,  NC   Sep 6, 2006 two dozen US Airways Express flights going in and out of Charlotte were canceled Wednesday after a thunderstorm in Ohio led to a computer failure that affected Homes facing night without water BBC News,  UK   Aug 20, 2006 and Powys. The Pant storage tank ran dry after the water firm was not alerted to the problem because of a computer failure. She Safety-critical systems (3)Air-traffic control Aircraft crash due to problems pilot had to interpret information on cockpit display Manned spacecraft On June 4, 1996, the maiden flight of the European Ariane 5 launcher crashed about 40 seconds after takeoff. Media reports indicated that the amount lost was half a billion dollars. The error came from a piece of the software that was not needed during the crash!! Safety-critical systems (4) Nuclear power plant (The Meltdown at Three Mile Island 1979) â€Å"As alarms rang and warning lights flashed, the operators did not realize that the plant was experiencing a loss-of-coolant accident. They took a series of actions that made conditions worse by simply reducing the flow of coolant through the core. Medical Institutions Break down in the scheduling system led to delays in reaching seriously ill patients. (UK) Disaster examples 1988 USS Vincennes shot down an Iran Air A300 Airbus with 290 people aboardAegis weapon system had Sophisticated software to identify potential threats BUT Was una ble to provide up-to-date altitude information on its large display (this could be read from other screens) In the confusion, the Airbus which leveled off at 12,500 feet was taken to be an F-14 fighter descending to attack! ‘User Hostile’ example Poor HCI can lead to User Hostile systems rather than User Friendly ones †¦ John has a stereo system with a matched set of components made by the same manufacturer: a receiver, a CD player, and a cassette deck, stacked in that order. They all have the on/off button on the left side. Every time John goes to turn off all three components, he presses the top left button on the receiver, which turns it off; then he presses the top left button on the CD player, which turns it off; then, naturally, he presses the top left button on the cassette deck which pops open the cassette door. It’s obvious †¦It seems obvious that the manufacturer could have improved the interface putting all three buttons in the same locatio n But it clearly wasnt obvious to the systems designers!! Most actions used to accomplish tasks with an interface are quite obvious to people who know them, including, of course, the software designer. But the actions are often not obvious to the first-time user. Another example †¦ Imagine a first-time user of a computer 1. he has been shown how to login to the system 2. has done some work 3. is now finished with the computer for the day ? Experienced computer users will find it obvious that a logout command is needed. But it may not occur to first-time users that a special action is required to end the session. People dont log out of typewriters or televisions or video games, so why should they log out of computers? Learning to predict problems like these by taking the users point of view is a skill that requires practice. Who studies HCI? (1) Multi-discipline field †¦ Who studies HCI? (2) Conclusion (1) HCI studies Interaction between users amp; computer systems In order to build systems which are: Usable Safe Efficient Effective Enjoyable Conclusion (2) Important points to keep in mind †¦ 1. You need a lot of common sense 2. You must be ready to accept criticism 3. Think ‘user’ 4. Try it out (They know what they want! ) 5. Involve the users 6. Iterate Exercise If we take a toaster Describe: the users the machine seems to be designed for; the tasks and subtasks the machine was evidently designed to support; the interface part of the machine; the part of the machine that is NOT the interface. What about an electric drill

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Assignment Example For example, the sales department had pointed out that there was inadequate support from the marketing department and for this reason, poor sales had resulted. On the other hand, according to the Director of the marketing department, the design and quality of the product were the major causes of the problem. In order to deal with the problems, a restructure plan was required to be formulated which would best suit the company. The following restructure model can be used: Source: 1 Chinese Apparel Industry Facts From the year 2003, there has been an increase in the market size of the Chinese apparel sector from USD 47,194 million to USD 78,459 million in the year 2009 at a CAGR of 8.8%. In the year 2009, there was a sharp decline in growth rate, where the market slumped due to economic chaos. From USD 95,540 million in the year 2008, the market declined to USD 78,459 million in the year 2009, which was estimated to be a decline of 17.9% of growth2. Diagnosis Internal Analysis of the Sp ortswear Company in China There were multifarious reasons that led the sportswear company in China to suffer losses such as lack of support from the marketing department and poor design and quality of the products. ... They should be aware of different rules and regulations imposed by the government including the taxation policy. Since the Sportswear Company in China is itself manufacturing the products, there is possibility of unfavorable changes in political and trade relations between Singapore and China. The political instability in China, increase in labor costs, or unfavorable weather conditions could considerably get in the way of the production and the shipment of the products of the company, which would in turn affect their operations and financial results. Economic: The sportswear company is also affected by the economy of the country. The stability of interest rate in the country is also a significant factor which can have an impact. A high rate of interest will result in the fall of demand of the product making the borrowings expensive and savings attractive. On the other hand, a low rate of interest leads to increase in the inflation. The company should also take the tax into considera tion. Mainly the taxes are of two types namely direct and indirect. Direct tax cannot be avoided and it affects the personal disposable income. People can avoid Indirect tax such as VAT by not purchasing the products. The high rate of interest in China has led to the fall in the demand of the products in the last two years thereby resulting in the losses for the company. But with the improvement in the living standards of the people of China and also changes in their consumption level, sportswear companies are becoming popular among the people, thereby enhancing the businesses of sportswear manufacturing companies in China. Social: The company should also take into consideration the